bonding in polyatomic molecule

• diatomic molecule=2
• polyatomic species=3/more atoms
• hybrid  orbitals- mixing the characters of atomic orbitals

acids,bases and ions in aqueous solution

physical properties of water:

• mp-273 K
• bp-373K
• enthalpy of fusion-6.01 kJ/mol
• enthalpy of vaporization-40.65kJ/mol
• entropy of vaporization-109kJ/mol

1 molar= one mole solute dissolved in water to give 1litre solution

• + Ka,+ acidity
• - pKa,+acidity
• -pKb,+Kb,+basicity

*oxoacid= a compoud contains oxygen, at least one other element, at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen,and which produces a conjugate base by proton loss.

*lewis acid: electron acceptor, lewis base: electron donor
*hydration: solvation by water
*amphoteric: oxide / hydroxide can act as acid / base.

alkali metals(GROUP 1)

down's process- produce sodium from NaCl(products of it must be separate to prevent recombination)

down the group:

• atomic number +
• enthalpy atomization -
• mp -
• bp-
• first ionization energy,IE -
• radius +
• cation size +

all metals- body centered cubic structure

appearance-Li,Na,K,Rb:silvery white-Cs:golden yellow        (all soft)

SOLVAY PROCESS: